Read Chapter 9 and Chapter 10 History
While Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and of course Martin Luther King Jr. are all well-known leaders in America'south civil rights movement, the accomplishments of that era were the work of more than than just a few individuals. Thousands marched, organized, educated and more to build a amend order, and as a issue, some leaders cruel by the wayside of many of today's history books. These are just some of the amazing ceremonious rights leaders y'all may have never learned almost.
Claudette Colvin
Although Rosa Parks may exist famous for refusing to give up her seat for a white human, Claudette Colvin stood her ground nine months earlier — and at the age of 15 rather than 42. She and three of her friends were sitting in a row when a white woman boarded the bus, and the driver demanded that all four of them move. 3 did. Claudette didn't.
She explained that information technology was her constitutional correct to sit there. "Information technology felt," Colvin afterward explained, "as though Harriet Tubman'due south hands were pushing me down on 1 shoulder and Sojourner Truth'due south hands were pushing me downward on the other shoulder."
Colvin'southward books were knocked from her hands, and she was manhandled off the bus and after placed in jail earlier being bailed out by her parents. The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) considered promoting her as a primal figure in the fight against segregation, but information technology ultimately chose not to because she was a teenager. She too soon became significant, which organizers feared would distract from the broader struggle.
Yet, forth with Aurelia South. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith, Colvin became one of iv plaintiffs in the instance of Browder vs. Gayle, which saw Montgomery, Alabama's autobus policies thrown out as unconstitutional. Colvin moved to New York City two years later on and became a nurse'due south aide.
While Martin Luther Rex Jr. was the face up of the ceremonious rights rallies of the '60s, Bayard Rustin was the homo behind the scenes who organized them. Raised by his teenage mother and Quaker grandparents, he was drawn to the Young Communists League while attending New York's Metropolis College during the 1930 because of their back up for racial equality. However, he left when the Communist Political party shifted away from civil rights work after 1941. He and so joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), co-founded the Congress of Racial Equality (Cadre) and became an agile campaigner for civil rights.
Rustin's accomplishments are most besides numerous to list. He participated in CORE's Journeying of Reconciliation, the predecessor to the later Freedom Rides that ended bussing segregation, and ended upwardly on a chain gang as a result. He used that experience to publish several paper articles that led to the reform of such gangs. In 1948, he went to Republic of india to encounter Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent practices in action, and he afterwards traveled to West Africa to work with different colonial independence movements. He became a close counselor to Martin Luther King and played an instrumental role in everything from 1963'southward March on Washington for Jobs and Liberty to helping to draft King's Memoir, Stride Toward Liberty.
Rustin became a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI early on because of his communist ties, and his 1953 conviction on charges of homosexual activity acquired tension even with other civil rights leaders. Even so, Rustin connected his work, and in the 1980s, he finally opened up about his sexuality. He played a key part in getting the NAACP to take activeness against the AIDS crisis. He died in 1987.
Shirley Chisholm
Built-in to immigrant parents from British Guiana and Barbados, Shirley Chisholm graduated from Brooklyn College in 1946. She was an education consultant for New York City's daycare arrangement and was active in the NAACP before representing Brooklyn in the New York's land legislature from 1964 to 1968. She and then achieved success on the national stage by winning election to the House of Representatives, where she remained until 1981. She was an ardent opponent of the Vietnam State of war and a supporter of ballgame rights and the Equal Rights Subpoena.
Chisholm was also both the outset Black person and commencement woman to run for the nomination of a major party in the United States. Though she only received 152 delegate votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, her run nevertheless foreshadowed even greater political accomplishments for women and people of color in the years and decades to come.
Benjamin Mays
Martin Luther King Jr. once described Benjamin Mays as his "spiritual mentor." Born in 1894 Hezekiah and Louvenia Carter, who were old slaves, Mays grew up to get a doctorate from the Academy of Chicago and was ordained as a Baptist minister. He later became president of Morehouse College.
While at Morehouse, Mays delivered weekly addresses at the higher's chapel, and it was these speeches that kickoff drew a young Martin Luther King Jr. to him. King began meeting with Mays to discuss theology and world affairs after the weekly addresses, and Mays began to have Sunday dinners with the King family.
Mays went on to be one of King's most prominent supporters. When mass arrests led King's begetter to enquire him to stride down as a leader in the Montgomery bus boycott, Mays vocally supported King's conclusion non to do and so. He gave the benediction at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. Even after King'south assassination, Mays continued to fight for civil rights and became the first Black president of the Atlanta Board of Didactics.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Like Mays, Nannie Helen Burroughs' parents had experienced the horrors of slavery firsthand. After her father died, she and her female parent moved to Washington D.C. Burroughs performed well in school, but despite her success, she was unable to find a job every bit a public schoolhouse teacher. As a result, she decided to plant her own school for Black American women without the means to pay for an didactics.
Some civil rights leaders of the time, such as Booker T. Washington, doubted Burroughs' ability to raise coin for the school. Because of donations from local black women and their families, however, Burroughs was notwithstanding successful, and the National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls (NTPSG) in 1909 with the motto, "We specialize in the wholly impossible." At historic period 26, Burroughs was the first president.
The NTPSG was unusual in that it combined a classical educational activity forth with vocational skills meant to assist black women detect jobs in mod society. Blackness history was besides a required course, a largely unprecedented move for the time. While the original school just consisted of a small farmhouse, in 1928, it grew to include a larger building with 12 classrooms and additional facilities. Burroughs died in 1961, but her efforts to provide education and opportunity regardless of race or gender paved the way for further efforts to secure civil rights.
Source: https://www.reference.com/history/influential-civil-rights-leaders-fba3aa8663d7f466?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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