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Who Is Being Described in This Reading Passage Pride and Prejudice

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Novel by Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice
PrideAndPrejudiceTitlePage.jpg

Title page
Author Jane Austen
Working title Commencement Impressions
Country United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
Language English
Genre Classic Regency novel
Romance novel
Gear up in Hertfordshire and Derbyshire, c.  1812
Publisher T. Egerton, Whitehall

Publication engagement

 28 January 1813
Media type Print (hardback, 3 volumes), digitalized
OCLC 38659585

Dewey Decimal

 823.7
LC Form PR4034 .P7
Preceded by Sense and Sensibility
Followed by Mansfield Park
Text Pride and Prejudice at Wikisource

LibriVox recording by Karen Vicious.

Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 novel of manners written by Jane Austen. The novel follows the graphic symbol development of Elizabeth Bennet, the dynamic protagonist of the volume who learns near the repercussions of hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the departure between superficial goodness and bodily goodness.

Mr. Bennet, possessor of the Longbourn manor in Hertfordshire, has five daughters, merely his property is entailed and tin only be passed to a male person heir. His wife also lacks an inheritance, and so his family unit faces becoming very poor upon his expiry. Thus, it is imperative that at least one of the girls marry well to support the others, which is a motivation that drives the plot.

Pride and Prejudice has consistently appeared near the top of lists of "most-loved books" among literary scholars and the reading public. It has go one of the most popular novels in English literature, with over 20 million copies sold, and has inspired many derivatives in modernistic literature.[1] [2] For more a century, dramatic adaptations, reprints, unofficial sequels, films, and TV versions of Pride and Prejudice have portrayed the memorable characters and themes of the novel, reaching mass audiences.[iii]

Plot summary [edit]

In rural England in the early 19th century, Mrs. Bennet attempts to persuade Mr. Bennet to visit Mr. Bingley, a rich bachelor recently arrived in the neighbourhood. After some verbal sparring with her hubby, Mrs. Bennet believes he will not telephone call on Mr. Bingley. Presently afterwards, he visits Netherfield, Mr. Bingley's rented residence, much to Mrs. Bennet'due south delight. The visit is followed by a ball at the local assembly rooms that the unabridged neighbourhood attends.

At the ball, the neighbourhood is introduced to the whole Netherfield party, which consists of Mr. Bingley, his two sisters, the hubby of ane of his sisters, and Mr. Darcy, his dearest friend. Mr. Bingley's friendly and cheerful manner earns him popularity among the guests. He appears attracted to Jane Bennet (the eldest Bennet daughter), with whom he dances twice. Mr. Darcy, reputed to be twice as wealthy, is haughty and aloof, causing a decided dislike of him. He declines to trip the light fantastic with Elizabeth (the second-eldest Bennet daughter), stating that she is non attractive plenty to tempt him.[iv] Elizabeth finds this amusing and jokes about it with her friends.

Mr. Bingley'due south sisters, Caroline and Louisa, later invite Jane to Netherfield for dinner. On her way in that location, Jane is caught in a pelting shower and develops a bad common cold, forcing her to stay at Netherfield to recuperate, much to Mrs. Bennet'due south delight. When Elizabeth goes to see Jane, Mr. Darcy finds himself attracted to Elizabeth (stating she has "fine eyes"), while Miss Bingley grows jealous, as she herself has designs on Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth herself is indifferent and unaware of his developing interest in her.

Illustration by Hugh Thomson representing Mr. Collins, protesting that he never reads novels

Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennet's cousin and the heir to the Longbourn estate, visits the Bennet family. He is a pompous, obsequious chaplain who intends to marry 1 of the Bennet girls. After learning that Jane may soon exist engaged, he quickly decides on Elizabeth, the next daughter in both age and beauty.

Elizabeth and her family see the dashing and charming army officeholder, George Wickham, who singles out Elizabeth. He says he is connected to the Darcy family and claims Mr. Darcy deprived him of a "living" (a permanent position every bit a chaplain) promised to him by Mr. Darcy's late male parent. Elizabeth's dislike of Mr. Darcy is confirmed.[4]

At a subsequent ball at Netherfield, Mr. Darcy asks Elizabeth to dance, and, despite her vow never to dance with him, she accepts. All the same, Elizabeth'southward mother and younger sisters display a distinct lack of decorum. Mrs. Bennet hints loudly that she fully expects Jane and Bingley to go engaged, and the younger Bennet sisters expose the family unit to ridicule past their silliness.

Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth. She rejects Collins, to her mother's fury and her father's relief. Later Elizabeth'due south rejection, Mr. Collins proposes to Charlotte Lucas, a sensible young adult female and Elizabeth'due south friend, who is already anile 27. Charlotte is grateful for a proposal that guarantees her a comfortable home and a secure time to come. Elizabeth is balked at such pragmatism in matters of honey. Shortly afterwards, the Bingleys suddenly depart for London with no plans to render, and it appears that Mr. Bingley has no intention of resuming their acquaintance. A heartbroken Jane visits her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner in London to enhance her spirits.

In the spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins in Kent. Elizabeth and her hosts are invited to Rosings Park, the imposing home of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, imperious patroness of Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy'southward wealthy aunt. Lady Catherine expects Mr. Darcy to marry her daughter, as planned in his childhood by his aunt and mother. Mr. Darcy and his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, are also visiting at Rosings Park. Fitzwilliam tells Elizabeth how Mr. Darcy recently saved a friend, presumably Bingley, from an undesirable lucifer. Elizabeth realises that the prevented engagement was to Jane and is horrified that Mr. Darcy interfered. Subsequently, Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, declaring his love for her despite her low social connections. She rejects him angrily, firmly stating that he is the last person she would always marry and saying she could never love a human being who acquired her sister such unhappiness; she further accuses him of treating Wickham unjustly. Mr. Darcy brags well-nigh his success in separating Bingley and Jane and suggests that he had been kinder to Bingley than to himself. He dismisses the accusation regarding Wickham sarcastically only does not address it.

Later, Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter of the alphabet, explaining that Wickham, the son of his late begetter's steward, had refused the living his male parent had bundled for him and was instead given coin for information technology. Wickham apace squandered the money and when impoverished, asked for the living again. Afterwards being refused, he tried to elope with Darcy'due south 15-twelvemonth-old sister, Georgiana, for her considerable dowry. Mr. Darcy besides writes that he separated Jane and Bingley due to Jane'due south reserved behaviour, sincerely assertive her indifferent to Bingley, and also because of the lack of propriety displayed by some members of her family. Elizabeth is ashamed by her family unit's behaviour and her own lack of improve sentence that resulted in blinded prejudice against Mr. Darcy.

Elizabeth tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and Wickham, one of the two earliest illustrations of Pride and Prejudice.[five] The clothing styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved (the 1830s), not the time in which the novel was written or set.

Some months later, Elizabeth accompanies the Gardiners on a tour of Derbyshire. They visit Pemberley, Darcy's estate, afterward Elizabeth ascertains Mr. Darcy'south absence. The housekeeper in that location describes Mr. Darcy equally kind and generous, recounting several examples of these characteristics. When Mr. Darcy returns unexpectedly, he is exceedingly gracious and afterwards invites Elizabeth and the Gardiners to meet Georgiana and Mr. Gardiner to go angling. Elizabeth is surprised and delighted by their treatment. Upon meeting, Elizabeth and Georgiana connect well, to his please. She and so receives news that her sister Lydia has run off with Wickham. She tells Mr. Darcy immediately, then departs in haste, assertive she will never see him once more as Lydia has ruined the family's practiced name.

Later an agonising acting, Wickham agrees to marry Lydia. With some veneer of decency restored, Lydia visits the family and tells Elizabeth that Mr. Darcy was at her and Wickham's wedding. Though Mr. Darcy had sworn everyone involved to secrecy, Mrs. Gardiner now feels obliged to inform Elizabeth that he secured the match, at great expense and trouble to himself. She hints that he may have had "another motive" for having done so, implying that she believes Darcy to be in love with Elizabeth.

Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield. Bingley proposes to Jane, who accepts. Lady Catherine, having heard rumours that Elizabeth intends to marry Mr. Darcy, visits Elizabeth and demands she promise never to have Mr. Darcy'southward proposal. Elizabeth refuses and the outraged Lady Catherine withdraws after Elizabeth demands that she exit for making insulting comments about her family. Darcy, heartened by his aunt's indignant relaying of Elizabeth's response, again proposes to her and is accepted. Elizabeth has difficulty in convincing her father that she is marrying for love, not position and wealth, but Mr. Bennet is finally convinced. Mrs. Bennet is exceedingly happy to acquire of her girl'southward match to Mr. Darcy and apace changes her opinion of him. The novel concludes with an overview of the marriages of the three daughters and the great satisfaction of both parents at the matches made by Jane and Elizabeth.

Characters [edit]

Scenes from Pride and Prejudice, past C. E. Brock (c. 1885)

  • Elizabeth Bennet – the 2nd-eldest of the Bennet daughters, she is attractive, witty and intelligent – just with a tendency to form tenacious and prejudiced start impressions. As the story progresses, and so does her relationship with Mr Darcy. The class of Elizabeth and Darcy's relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride, and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice, leading them both to surrender to their love for each other.
  • Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy – Mr Bingley's friend and the wealthy owner of the family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire, rumoured to be worth at to the lowest degree £10,000 a yr (equivalent to £670,000 in 2020). While he is handsome, tall, and intelligent, Darcy lacks ease and social graces, and then others oftentimes mistake his initially haughty reserve equally proof of excessive pride (which, in part, it is). A new visitor to the hamlet, he is ultimately Elizabeth Bennet's love involvement. Though he appears to be proud and is largely disliked past people for this reason, his servants vouch for his kindness and decency.
  • Mr Bennet – A logical and reasonable belatedly-center-aged landed gentleman of a more than modest income of £2000 per annum, and the dryly sarcastic patriarch of the at present-dwindling Bennet family (a family of Hertfordshire landed gentry), with five unmarried daughters. His estate, Longbourn, is entailed to the male line. His affection for his wife wore off early in their marriage and is now reduced to mere toleration. He is frequently described as 'indolent' in the novel.
  • Mrs Bennet (née Gardiner) – the heart-aged married woman of her social superior, Mr Bennet, and the mother of their 5 daughters (Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia). Mrs Bennet is a hypochondriac who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations (her "poor nerves") whenever things are non going her way. Her principal ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men. Whether or non whatever such matches volition give her daughters happiness is of trivial concern to her. She was settled a dowry of £4,000 from her father, Mr Gardiner Sr., almost likely invested at four pct, assuasive her to receive £160 per annum; it was indicated by Mr Collins during his proposal to Elizabeth ["to fortune I am perfectly indifferent, and shall brand no demands of that nature on your begetter since I am well aware that information technology could not be complied with; and that i g pounds in the 4 per cents. which volition non exist yours till later on your mother's expiry, is all that you may ever be entitled to"][6] that it is likely that her settlement had increased to £five,000 over the years, just remains invested at 4 percent.

In a letter to Cassandra dated May 1813, Jane Austen describes a picture she saw at a gallery which was a skillful likeness of "Mrs Bingley" – Jane Bennet. Deirdre Le Faye in The World of Her Novels suggests that "Portrait of Mrs Q" is the picture Austen was referring to. (pp. 201–203)

  • Jane Bennet – the eldest Bennet sis. She is considered the most beautiful immature lady in the neighbourhood and is inclined to run into only the good in others (merely tin be persuaded otherwise on sufficient prove). She falls in beloved with Charles Bingley, a rich immature gentleman recently moved to Hertfordshire and a close friend of Mr Darcy.
  • Mary Bennet – the centre Bennet sis, and the plainest of her siblings. Mary has a serious disposition and mostly reads and plays music, although she is ofttimes impatient to display her accomplishments and is rather vain about them. She oftentimes moralises to her family. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh's A Memoir of Jane Austen, Mary ended upward marrying one of her Uncle Philips' law clerks and moving into Meryton with him.
  • Catherine "Kitty" Bennet – the fourth Bennet daughter. Though older than Lydia, she is her shadow and follows her in her pursuit of the officers of the militia. She is often portrayed as envious of Lydia and is described as a "silly" young woman. However, information technology is said that she improved when removed from Lydia'southward influence. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh'south A Memoir of Jane Austen, Kitty later married a clergyman who lived almost Pemberley.
  • Lydia Bennet – the youngest Bennet sis. She is frivolous and headstrong. Her main action in life is socialising, especially flirting with the officers of the militia. This leads to her running off with George Wickham, although he has no intention of marrying her. Lydia shows no regard for the moral lawmaking of her society; as Ashley Tauchert says, she "feels without reasoning".[7]
  • Charles Bingley – a handsome, amiable, wealthy young gentleman (a nouveau riche) from the north of England (possibly Yorkshire, equally Scarborough is mentioned, and there is, in fact, a real-life town chosen Bingley in West Yorkshire), who leases Netherfield Park, an estate three miles from Longbourn, with the hopes of purchasing information technology. He is contrasted with Mr Darcy for having more by and large pleasing manners, although he is reliant on his more than experienced friend for advice. An example of this is the prevention of Bingley and Jane'south romance because of Bingley's undeniable dependence on Darcy's opinion.[viii] He lacks resolve and is hands influenced by others; his two sisters, Miss Caroline Bingley and Mrs Louisa Hurst, both disapprove of Bingley'due south growing affection for Miss Jane Bennet. He inherited a fortune of £100,000, which could be either invested at 4 per cents or 5 per cents for a sum of £4,000 or £5,000 per annum.[9]
  • Caroline Bingley – the vainglorious, snobbish sister of Charles Bingley, with a fortune of £twenty,000 (giving her an income of £800 or £1,000 per annum, depending on the percentage of the investment). Miss Bingley harbours designs upon Mr Darcy, and therefore is jealous of his growing zipper to Elizabeth. She attempts to dissuade Mr Darcy from liking Elizabeth by ridiculing the Bennet family and criticising Elizabeth's comportment. Miss Bingley besides disapproves of her brother'south esteem for Jane Bennet, and is disdainful of society in Meryton. Her wealth (which she overspends) and her expensive education seem to exist the ii greatest sources of Miss Bingley'south vanity and conceit; likewise, she is very insecure about the fact that her and her family'southward money all comes from merchandise, and is eager both for her brother to purchase an estate, elevating the Bingleys to the ranks of the gentry, and for herself to marry a landed gentleman (i.e. Mr Darcy). The dynamic between Miss Bingley and her sister, Louisa Hurst, seems to echo that of Lydia and Kitty Bennet's, and Mrs Bennet and Mrs Phillips'; that one is no more than than a follower of the other, with Caroline in the aforementioned position as Lydia and Mrs Bennet, and Louisa in Kitty's and Mrs Phillips' (though, in Louisa'southward case, as she is already married, she is not nether the same pressure every bit Caroline). Louisa is married to Mr Hurst, who has a house in Grosvenor Square, London.
  • George Wickham – Wickham has been acquainted with Mr Darcy since infancy, being the son of Mr Darcy'south father'south steward. An officer in the militia, he is superficially charming and apace forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet. He afterward runs off with Lydia with no intention of union, which would accept resulted in her and her family's complete disgrace, but for Darcy'due south intervention to ransom Wickham to ally her by paying off his firsthand debts.
  • Mr William Collins – Mr Collins is Mr Bennet's distant second cousin, a clergyman, and the current heir presumptive to his estate of Longbourn House. He is an obsequious and pompous man, prone to making long and tedious speeches, who is excessively devoted to his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh.
  • Lady Catherine de Bourgh – the overbearing aunt of Mr Darcy. Lady Catherine is the wealthy possessor of Rosings Park, where she resides with her girl Anne and is fawned upon past her rector, Mr Collins. She is haughty, pompous, domineering, and condescending, and has long planned to ally off her sickly daughter to Darcy, to 'unite their two great estates', challenge it to be the dearest wish of both her and her late sister, Lady Anne Darcy (née Fitzwilliam).
  • Mr Edward Gardiner and Mrs Gardiner – Edward Gardiner is Mrs Bennet's brother and a successful tradesman of sensible and gentlemanly character. Aunt Gardiner is genteel and elegant and is close to her nieces Jane and Elizabeth. The Gardiners are instrumental in bringing about the wedlock between Darcy and Elizabeth.
  • Georgiana Darcy – Georgiana is Mr Darcy'southward quiet, affable and shy younger sister, with a dowry of £thirty,000 (which would yield an income of £1,200 or £1,500 per annum), and is aged barely 16 when the story begins. When even so 15, Miss Darcy nigh eloped with Mr Wickham, but was saved by her brother, whom she idolises. Thanks to years of tutelage nether masters, she is accomplished at the pianoforte, singing, playing the harp, and drawing, and modern languages, and is therefore described every bit Caroline Bingley'southward thought of an "accomplished woman."
  • Charlotte Lucas – Charlotte is Elizabeth'southward friend who, at 27 years quondam (and thus very much beyond what was and then considered prime marriageable historic period), fears condign a burden to her family and therefore agrees to marry Mr Collins to gain financial security. Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage, Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte'south decision to marry for money. She uses Charlotte to convey how women of her time would adhere to society's expectation for women to marry even if it is non out of honey, but convenience.[x] Charlotte is the daughter of Sir William Lucas and Lady Lucas, neighbours of the Bennet family.
  • Colonel Fitzwilliam – Colonel Fitzwilliam is the younger son of an earl and the nephew of Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Lady Anne Darcy; this makes him the cousin of Anne de Bourgh and the Darcy siblings, Fitzwilliam and Georgiana. He is about thirty years one-time at the beginning of the novel. He is the co-guardian of Miss Georgiana Darcy, forth with his cousin, Mr Darcy. Co-ordinate to Colonel Fitzwilliam, as a younger son, he cannot marry without thought to his prospective bride's dowry; Elizabeth Bennet joked that, every bit the son of an Earl, Colonel Fitzwilliam wouldn't be able to settle for a bride with a dowry lower than £50,000 (which suggests that Colonel Fitzwilliam's living assart is about £2,000 to £2,500 per-year).

A comprehensive web showing the relationships between the main characters in Pride and Prejudice

Major themes [edit]

Many critics take the championship as the start when analysing the themes of Pride and Prejudice only Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the championship (which was initially First Impressions), considering commercial factors may take played a part in its choice. "Later the success of Sense and Sensibility, cypher would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same writer using again the formula of antonym and alliteration for the title. The qualities of the championship are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice."[xi] The phrase "pride and prejudice" had been used over the preceding two centuries by Joseph Hall, Jeremy Taylor, Joseph Addison and Samuel Johnson.[12] [13] Austen probably took her championship from a passage in Fanny Burney'due south Cecilia (1782), a popular novel she is known to have admired:

'The whole of this unfortunate business organisation, said Dr Lyster, has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE. […] if to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you owe your miseries, and so wonderfully is skilful and evil counterbalanced, that to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you will besides owe their termination.'[13] [14] (capitalisation as in the original)

A theme in much of Austen'due south work is the importance of environs and upbringing in developing young people'southward character and morality.[fifteen] Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages in her earth and a farther theme mutual to Austen's work is ineffectual parents. In Pride and Prejudice, the failure of Mr and Mrs Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia's lack of moral judgment. Darcy has been taught to exist principled and scrupulously honourable but he is also proud and overbearing.[15] Kitty, rescued from Lydia's bad influence and spending more than fourth dimension with her older sisters later on they marry, is said to ameliorate greatly in their superior social club.[xvi] The American novelist Anna Quindlen observed in an introduction to an edition of Austen's novel in 1995:

Pride and Prejudice is also about that thing that all groovy novels consider, the search for self. And it is the first great novel that teaches us this search is as surely undertaken in the drawing room making pocket-size talk every bit in the pursuit of a great white whale or the public punishment of adultery.[17]

Matrimony [edit]

The opening line of the novel famously announces: "Information technology is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a adept fortune must exist in desire of a married woman."[18] This sets union as a motif and a problem in the novel. Readers are poised to question whether or not these single men need a wife, or if the demand is dictated past the "neighbourhood" families and their daughters who require a "expert fortune".

Marriage is a complex social activity that takes political and financial economic system into account. In the instance of Charlotte Lucas, the seeming success of her marriage lies in the comfortable financial circumstances of their household, while the relationship between Mr and Mrs Bennet serves to illustrate bad marriages based on an initial attraction and surface over substance (economical and psychological). The Bennets' union is an case that the youngest Bennet, Lydia, re-enacts with Wickham and the results are far from felicitous. Although the central characters, Elizabeth and Darcy, brainstorm the novel equally hostile acquaintances and unlikely friends, they eventually work toward a meliorate understanding of themselves and each other, which frees them to truly autumn in honey. This does not eliminate the challenges of the existent differences in their technically-equivalent social status as gentry and their female person relations. Information technology does however provide them with a meliorate understanding of each other'south point of view from the unlike ends of the rather wide calibration of differences within that category.

When Elizabeth rejects Darcy's first proposal, the argument of marrying for beloved is introduced. Elizabeth only accepts Darcy's proposal when she is sure she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated.[19] Austen's complex sketching of different marriages ultimately allows readers to question what forms of brotherhood are desirable especially when it comes to privileging economic, sexual, companionate attraction.[20]

Wealth [edit]

Coin plays a central role in the wedlock market, for the immature ladies seeking a well-off husband and for men who wish to marry a adult female of means. George Wickham tried to elope with Georgiana Darcy, and Colonel Fitzwilliam stated that he volition marry someone with wealth. Marrying a woman of a rich family also ensured a linkage to a higher class family, every bit is visible in the desires of Bingley'southward sisters to have their blood brother married to Georgiana Darcy. Mrs Bennet is frequently seen encouraging her daughters to marry a wealthy homo of high social class. In chapter 1, when Mr Bingley arrives, she declares "I am thinking of his marrying one of them".[21]

Inheritance was by descent merely could be further restricted by entailment, which would restrict inheritance to male heirs simply. In the case of the Bennet family, Mr Collins was to inherit the family manor upon Mr Bennet's death and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her security but she refuses his offering. Inheritance laws benefited males considering married women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century. For the upper-middle and aloof classes, marriage to a human being with a reliable income was almost the only road to security for the woman and the children she was to accept.[22] The irony of the opening line is that mostly within this society information technology would be a woman who would exist looking for a wealthy hubby to have a prosperous life.[23]

Class [edit]

Lady Catherine confronts Elizabeth about Darcy, on the title page of the first illustrated edition. This is the other of the showtime ii illustrations of the novel.

Austen might be known now for her "romances" but the marriages in her novels engage with economics and form distinction. Pride and Prejudice is hardly the exception. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive dearest has had to overcome, though he nonetheless anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle. His aunt, Lady Catherine, later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth's marriage to Darcy will become, "Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted?" Although Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine'south accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position (Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy, as gentleman's daughter and gentleman, are "equals"), Lady Catherine refuses to accept the possibility of Darcy'southward marriage to Elizabeth. Nevertheless, equally the novel closes, "…through curiosity to meet how his wife conducted herself", Lady Catherine condescends to visit them at Pemberley.[24]

The Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating class. Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs Hurst deport and speak of others as if they accept always belonged in the upper echelons of lodge, Austen makes it clear that the Bingley fortunes stem from trade. The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall – it is, after all, "to let" – distinguishes him significantly from Darcy, whose estate belonged to his father's family and through his mother, is the grandson and nephew of an earl. Bingley, unlike Darcy, does non own his property but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good grab on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentry, like Jane Bennet, or of ambitious merchants. Class plays a central office in the evolution of the characters and Jane Austen's radical approach to class is seen equally the plot unfolds.[25]

An undercurrent of the quondam Anglo-Norman upper class is hinted at in the story, as suggested by the names of Fitzwilliam Darcy and his aunt, Lady Catherine de Bourgh; Fitzwilliam, D'Arcy, de Bourgh (Shush), and fifty-fifty Bennet, are traditional Norman surnames.[26]

Self-knowledge [edit]

Through their interactions and their critiques of each other, Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognise their faults and work to correct them. Elizabeth meditates on her own mistakes thoroughly in chapter 36:

"How despicably have I acted!" she cried; "I, who take prided myself on my discernment! I, who have valued myself on my abilities! who have often disdained the generous candour of my sister, and gratified my vanity in useless or blameable distrust. How humiliating is this discovery! all the same, how just a humiliation! Had I been in honey, I could not have been more than wretchedly bullheaded. Simply vanity, not beloved, has been my folly. Pleased with the preference of one, and offended by the neglect of the other, on the very starting time of our acquaintance, I take courted prepossession and ignorance, and driven reason away, where either were concerned. Till this moment I never knew myself."[27]

Other characters rarely showroom this depth of understanding or at to the lowest degree are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development. Tanner writes that Mrs Bennet in particular, "has a very limited view of the requirements of that performance; defective any introspective tendencies she is incapable of appreciating the feelings of others and is only enlightened of textile objects".[28] Mrs Bennet's behaviour reflects the society in which she lives, as she knows that her daughters volition not succeed if they practise non get married. "The business of her life was to get her daughters married: its solace was visiting and news."[29] This shows that Mrs Bennet is but aware of "material objects" and not of her feelings and emotions.[xxx]

Style [edit]

Pride and Prejudice, like virtually of Austen'due south works, employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech, which has been defined as "the gratis representation of a character's speech, by which 1 means, not words actually spoken by a character, merely the words that typify the character'due south thoughts, or the way the graphic symbol would think or speak, if she thought or spoke".[31] Austen creates her characters with fully developed personalities and unique voices. Though Darcy and Elizabeth are very alike, they are also considerably unlike.[32] Past using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular grapheme (in this case, Elizabeth), Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth's viewpoint, sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions. "The learning curve, while undergone by both protagonists, is disclosed to us solely through Elizabeth's point of view and her free indirect spoken language is essential ... for it is through it that we remain defenseless, if not stuck, within Elizabeth'southward misprisions."[31] The few times the reader is allowed to proceeds further cognition of some other graphic symbol'south feelings, is through the messages exchanged in this novel. Darcy's first letter to Elizabeth is an example of this as through his letter, the reader and Elizabeth are both given knowledge of Wickham's true character. Austen is known to use irony throughout the novel specially from viewpoint of the character of Elizabeth Bennet. She conveys the "oppressive rules of femininity that actually dominate her life and work, and are covered past her beautifully carved trojan horse of ironic altitude."[7] Beginning with a historical investigation of the evolution of a particular literary form then transitioning into empirical verifications, it reveals free indirect soapbox as a tool that emerged over fourth dimension as practical ways for addressing the concrete distinctness of minds. Seen in this way, free indirect discourse is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern, providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology, but takes its value to be its ain original course.[33]

Development of the novel [edit]

Folio 2 of a letter of the alphabet from Jane Austen to her sis Cassandra (11 June 1799) in which she showtime mentions Pride and Prejudice, using its working title First Impressions. (NLA)

Austen began writing the novel after staying at Goodnestone Park in Kent with her blood brother Edward and his wife in 1796.[34] Information technology was originally titled First Impressions, and was written between October 1796 and Baronial 1797.[35] On i Nov 1797 Austen's begetter sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to enquire if he had whatsoever interest in seeing the manuscript, but the offer was declined by render mail.[36] The militia were mobilised afterwards the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793, and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments, requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside, which the novel refers to several times.[37] The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves in May afterward spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793, and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796, placing the events of the novel between 1793 and 1795.[38]

Austen fabricated significant revisions to the manuscript for Showtime Impressions between 1811 and 1812.[35] Every bit nothing remains of the original manuscript, nosotros are reduced to conjecture. From the large number of messages in the final novel, it is causeless that Commencement Impressions was an epistolary novel.[39] She later renamed the story Pride and Prejudice around 1811/1812, when she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Thomas Egerton for £110[40] (equivalent to £7,500 in 2020). In renaming the novel, Austen probably had in mind the "sufferings and oppositions" summarised in the terminal chapter of Fanny Burney'south Cecilia, called "Pride and Prejudice", where the phrase appears three times in cake capitals.[15] It is possible that the novel's original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works. In the years between the completion of First Impressions and its revision into Pride and Prejudice, two other works had been published under that proper name: a novel by Margaret Holford and a comedy by Horace Smith.[36]

Publication history [edit]

Title folio of a 1907 edition illustrated by C. East. Brock

Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library, Whitehall in exchange for £110 (Austen had asked for £150).[41] This proved a plush conclusion. Austen had published Sense and Sensibility on a commission basis, whereby she indemnified the publisher against whatever losses and received any profits, less costs and the publisher's committee. Unaware that Sense and Sensibility would sell out its edition, making her £140,[36] she passed the copyright to Egerton for a ane-off payment, meaning that all the gamble (and all the profits) would be his. Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton later on made around £450 from just the outset two editions of the volume.[42]

Egerton published the kickoff edition of Pride and Prejudice in iii hardcover volumes on 28 Jan 1813.[43] It was advertised in The Morning Chronicle, priced at 18s.[35] Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out, with a second edition published in October that year. A tertiary edition was published in 1817.[41]

Foreign linguistic communication translations first appeared in 1813 in French; subsequent translations were published in German language, Danish, and Swedish.[44] Pride and Prejudice was showtime published in the Us in August 1832 equally Elizabeth Bennet or, Pride and Prejudice.[41] The novel was also included in Richard Bentley'south Standard Novel series in 1833. R. W. Chapman'southward scholarly edition of Pride and Prejudice, first published in 1923, has go the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based.[41]

The novel was originally published anonymously, as were all of Austen's novels. However, whereas her first published novel, Sense and Sensibility was presented as being written "past a Lady," Pride and Prejudice was attributed to "the Author of Sense and Sensibility". This began to consolidate a conception of Austen equally an author, albeit anonymously. Her subsequent novels were similarly attributed to the anonymous author of all her then-published works.

Reception [edit]

At start publication [edit]

The novel was well received, with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication.[42] Anne Isabella Milbanke, after to be the wife of Lord Byron, called it "the fashionable novel".[42] Noted critic and reviewer George Henry Lewes declared that he "would rather accept written Pride and Prejudice, or Tom Jones, than any of the Waverley Novels".[45]

Charlotte Brontë, even so, in a letter to Lewes, wrote that Pride and Prejudice was a disappointment, "a carefully fenced, highly cultivated garden, with neat borders and frail flowers; but ... no open land, no fresh air, no blueish hill, no bonny brook".[45] [46]

Austen for her part idea the "playfulness and epigrammaticism" of Pride and Prejudice was excessive, complaining in a letter to her sister Cassandra in 1813 that the novel lacked "shade" and should have had a chapter "of solemn specious nonsense, well-nigh something unconnected with the story; an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott or the history of Buonaparté".[47]

Walter Scott wrote in his journal, "Read once again and for the third time at least, Miss Austen'due south very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice."[48]

20th century [edit]

You could not shock her more she shocks me,
Abreast her Joyce seems innocent equally grass.
Information technology makes me most uncomfortable to see
An English language spinster of the middle class
Describe the amorous effects of 'contumely',
Reveal and then frankly and with such sobriety
The economical basis of order.

Westward. H. Auden (1937) on Austen[45]

The American scholar Claudia Johnson defended the novel from the criticism that information technology has an unrealistic fairy-tale quality.[49] One critic, Mary Poovey, wrote that the "romantic conclusion" of Pride and Prejudice is an attempt to hedge the conflict betwixt the "individualistic perspective inherent in the bourgeois value system and the authoritarian hierarchy retained from traditional, paternalistic guild".[49] Johnson wrote that Austen'south view of a power structure capable of reformation was not an "escape" from conflict.[49] Johnson wrote the "outrageous unconventionality" of Elizabeth Bennet was in Austen'southward own fourth dimension very daring, especially given the strict censorship that was imposed in United kingdom by the Prime Minister, William Pitt, in the 1790s when Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice.[49]

21st century [edit]

  • In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the "United kingdom's Best-Loved Book" in which Pride and Prejudice came second, backside The Lord of the Rings.[50]
  • In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers, Pride and Prejudice came outset in a list of the 101 best books ever written.[51]
  • The 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice on 28 January 2013 was historic around the world by media networks such every bit the Huffington Post, The New York Times, and The Daily Telegraph, amongst others.[52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]
  • Pride and Prejudice is one of 5 Books most recommended books with philosophers, literary scholars, authors and journalists citing information technology as an influential text.[59]

Adaptations [edit]

Film, television and theatre [edit]

Pride and Prejudice has engendered numerous adaptations. Some of the notable flick versions include the 1940 Academy Award-winning film, starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier[60] (based in part on Helen Jerome's 1936 stage accommodation) and that of 2005, starring Keira Knightley (an Oscar-nominated performance) and Matthew Macfadyen.[61] Notable goggle box versions include two by the BBC: a 1980 version starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul and the pop 1995 version, starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth. This also includes Bride and Prejudice and Trishna (1985 Hindi Idiot box Series).

A 1936 stage version was created by Helen Jerome played at the St James's Theatre in London, starring Celia Johnson and Hugh Williams. Start Impressions was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polly Bergen, Farley Granger, and Hermione Gingold.[62] In 1995, a musical concept album was written by Bernard J. Taylor, with Claire Moore in the part of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the part of Mr Darcy.[63] A new stage production, Jane Austen'south Pride and Prejudice, The New Musical, was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in Rochester, New York, with Colin Donnell as Darcy.[64] The Swedish composer Daniel Nelson based his 2011 opera Stolthet och fördom on Pride and Prejudice.[65]

The Lizzie Bennet Diaries - which premiered on a dedicated YouTube aqueduct on April 9, 2012,[66] and concluded on March 28, 2013[67] - is an Emmy award-winning web-serial[68] which recounts the story via vlogs recorded primarily past the Bennet sisters.[69] [70] It was created by Hank Green and Bernie Su.[71]

Literature [edit]

The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations. Books inspired by Pride and Prejudice include the post-obit:

  • Mr Darcy'southward Daughters and The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy by Elizabeth Aston
  • Darcy's Story (a best seller) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer
  • Pemberley: Or Pride and Prejudice Continued and An Unequal Spousal relationship: Or Pride and Prejudice Xx Years Afterward by Emma Tennant
  • The Book of Ruth past Helen Baker
  • Jane Austen Ruined My Life and Mr. Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo
  • Precipitation – A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice past Helen Baker
  • Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen
  • Mr. Darcy Takes a Married woman and its sequel Darcy & Elizabeth: Nights and Days at Pemberley past Linda Berdoll

In Gwyn Cready'southward comedic romance novel, Seducing Mr Darcy, the heroine lands in Pride and Prejudice by way of magic massage, has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story.

Abigail Reynolds is the author of seven Regency-set up variations on Pride and Prejudice. Her Pemberley Variations serial includes Mr Darcy'southward Obsession, To Conquer Mr Darcy, What Would Mr Darcy Practice and Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy: The Final Man in the Globe. Her modern adaptation, The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice, is assail Cape Cod.[72]

Bella Breen is the writer of 9 variations on Pride and Prejudice. Pride and Prejudice and Poison, Four Months to Wed, Forced to Marry and The Rescue of Elizabeth Bennet.[73]

Helen Fielding's 1996 novel Bridget Jones'southward Diary is too based on Pride and Prejudice; the feature film of Fielding'south work, released in 2001, stars Colin Firth, who had played Mr Darcy in the successful 1990s Tv set accommodation.

In March 2009, Seth Grahame-Smith'due south Pride and Prejudice and Zombies takes Austen'due south work and mashes it up with zombie hordes, cannibalism, ninja and ultraviolent mayhem.[74] In March 2010, Quirk Books published a prequel by Steve Hockensmith that deals with Elizabeth Bennet's early days as a zombie hunter, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls.[75] The 2016 film of Grahame-Smith's accommodation was released starring Lily James, Sam Riley and Matt Smith.

In 2011, author Mitzi Szereto expanded on the novel in Pride and Prejudice: Subconscious Lusts, a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen.

Curiosity has also published their take on this archetype past releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline. The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski.[76] It was published every bit a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork past Hugo Petrus.

Pamela Aidan is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of Pride and Prejudice from Mr Darcy'due south point of view: Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman. The books are An Associates Such as This,[77] Duty and Want [78] and These Iii Remain.[79]

Detective novel author P. D. James has written a book titled Death Comes to Pemberley, which is a murder mystery set 6 years after Elizabeth and Darcy's marriage.[80]

Sandra Lerner's sequel to Pride and Prejudice, Second Impressions, develops the story and imagined what might accept happened to the original novel'due south characters. Information technology is written in the way of Austen afterward extensive enquiry into the flow and language and published in 2011 nether the pen proper name of Ava Farmer.[81]

Jo Baker'due south bestselling 2013 novel Longbourn imagines the lives of the servants of Pride and Prejudice.[82] A cinematic adaptation of Longbourn was due to get-go filming in late 2018, directed by Sharon Maguire, who also directed Bridget Jones'southward Diary and Bridget Jones's Baby, screenplay by Jessica Swale, produced by Random House Films and StudioCanal.[83] The novel was as well adjusted for radio, appearing on BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime, abridged by Sara Davies and read by Sophie Thompson. It was first broadcast in May 2014; and once again on Radio 4 Extra in September 2018.[84]

In the novel Eligible, Curtis Sittenfeld sets the characters of Pride and Prejudice in mod-solar day Cincinnati, where the Bennet parents, erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers, accept fallen on hard times. Elizabeth, a successful and independent New York journalist, and her unmarried older sister Jane must intervene to save the family unit's financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to motion out of the business firm and onward in life. In the procedure they see Chip Bingley, a young dr. and reluctant reality TV celebrity, and his medical school classmate, Fitzwilliam Darcy, a cynical neurosurgeon.[85]

Pride and Prejudice has besides inspired works of scientific writing. In 2010, scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine darcin,[86] afterwards Mr Darcy, considering it strongly attracted females. In 2016, a scientific newspaper published in the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease speculated that Mrs Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic affliction, explaining why the Bennets didn't have any sons, and why some of the Bennet sisters are then silly.[87]

In summertime 2014, Udon Amusement'southward Manga Classics line published a manga adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.[88]

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External links [edit]

collinsaffer1975.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice

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